How to choose a Zero Trust architecture: SDP or Reverse-Proxy?

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) is the next generation access solution that is set to be a key part of IT administrators toolkits, displacing longstanding Virtual Private Networks (VPN). There are numerous factors and features that need to be considered when choosing the right ZTNA architecture for your organization. In this guide we breakdown the differences between the two prominent architectures, Software Defined Perimeter (SDP) and reverse-proxy, and how to successfully evaluate them.

The need for a Zero Trust architecture

For many years, VPN has been the primary mechanism for connecting remote workers to business applications, but why are organizations choosing to migrate now? Simply put, the architecture of VPN is unable to provide the security necessary to protect against modern cyber threats and trends. According to IDC, VPN was being used in 68% of major incidents involving remote access tools, making risk mitigation a significant motivating factor for many businesses.

Gartner, Forrester, and many other analysts have identified ZTNA as the technology that will replace VPN because it not only provides comprehensive security, it also promises productivity and operational benefits to the business.

By 2023, 60% of enterprises will phase out most of their remote access virtual private networks (VPNs) in favor of ZTNA – Gartner

31% of organizations are currently considering ZTNA, 19% are in the adoption phase – TeleGeography

Understanding the use cases behind the move to ZTNA is essential so organizations can build their own evaluation criteria. There are numerous use cases for ZTNA, including application access, conditional access, unmanaged and BYO device enablement and much more. These use cases drive the requirements that should be considered when choosing a ZTNA architecture for your organization.

The principles of Zero Trust Network Access

First established by the Jericho Forum, the key tenets of Zero Trust can be summarized as five principles:

• Trust no one – Before access is granted all users and devices must prove their trustworthiness. This is so critical to enterprises that Gartner predicts that by 2023, 60% of them will phase out most of their remote access virtual private networks in favor of ZTNA.
• Verify identity claims – The identity and authentication of an end-user is a cornerstone of Zero Trust security. It is so important that, according to Centrify, 73% of businesses have given staff extra training on how to remain cyber-safe when working remotely, with specific training around verifying passwords and log-in credentials.
• Give those you know what they need – The permissions of every user start from zero, and are only granted when necessary. Also known as least-privilege access, this gives users access to the tools they need and prevents them from connecting to those they don’t. An IDC survey found that 40% of cyber breaches actually originate with authorized users accessing unauthorized systems.
• Do not ignore the device – Device awareness is required to ensure that anonymous, vulnerable or compromised devices do not get access to corporate resources. IDC discovered that 70% of successful breaches originate on the endpoint.
• Play zone defense – Logically isolate every application and require authentication and security checks before access is granted to each. These micro-tunnels are essential for preventing lateral movement, which VMWare found was utilized in nearly 60% of attacks.

Understanding Zero Trust architecture

There are various subtypes for each architecture and every implementation is slightly different, so for the case of simplicity we will consider the broad high-level architectures for both SDP and reverse proxy.

Software-Defined Perimeter (SDP)

The Software-Defined Perimeter, also known as Endpoint-Initiated ZTNA in Gartner’s market guide, is based on the Cloud Security Alliance’s architecture. In this design, an application is installed on authorized end-user devices, which shares information about the device and its security context to a ZTNA Controller. This security context would include details about the device, the user’s identity, and other information which can indicate whether trust should be extended. If all of the supplied information matches up against the organization’s policy, the user will be granted access to the requested application.

The ZTNA Controller denies access to any application until authentication is complete; before then the Gateway does not permit any traffic to flow. Because the Gateway drops all traffic sent by unauthenticated users and devices it effectively makes the application invisible.

Reverse-proxy

The reverse-proxy architecture also referred to as application-initiated ZTNA in the Gartner market guide. Despite the similar-looking diagram, this architecture, which is based on the BeyondCorp model, operates very differently from SDP, and critically no endpoint agent is required.

Evaluating different types of Zero Trust architecture

There are a number of important differences between the high-level architectures; however, the assessment of individual solutions should not cause vendors to be dismissed without evaluation. Not all services are built equally, and the benefits and weaknesses of each option may have been worked around by development teams.

For example, although SDP vendors have the options of utilizing more modern, advanced networking and encryption techniques they may have opted for more familiar protocols. Many developers use common standards like OpenVPN or IPsec which have numerous issues, such as introducing latency and draining mobile device’s batteries. These offer little to no benefits over TLS limited reverse-proxy solutions. Care must be made to select vendors using the latest technologies.

Additionally, some enterprises may be tempted to use reverse-proxy services because they do not use a device manager or have a significant BYOD user base. In theory, this makes sense because SDP requires a client to be installed, however some developers have worked around this limitation. Easy enrollment techniques and privacy-preserving technologies can make deploying a client a simple process for end-users.

Thorough vetting of architectures is time-consuming however it can be crucial for identifying the optional access solution for an enterprise. ZTNA solutions will be at the heart of the next generation of digital transformation, so selecting the right one is essential.

Summary

Software-defined perimeters and reverse-proxy architecture are the two most common models vendors are basing their ZTNA solutions around. At first glance, they may appear to have little to differentiate them however as this guide has highlighted there is disparity in how they work and what they do.

Overall, SDP solutions appear to provide better security, more flexible networking and broader application support. However, reviews of each solution should be properly conducted as the actual implementation of each architecture by vendors can have a significant effect on the features and performance of the service.